One of the most valuable skills one can learn in the kitchen is how to substitute ingredients. Not everyone knows how to cook entirely from scratch without following a recipe, and that's fine. Even if a recipe is used, though, learning to be flexible and creative enough to substitute ingredients is very helpful.
"Why bother?" you ask, complaining that just making the recipe in the first place is hard enough for you. Well, think about some of the benefits of switching out one ingredient for another:
- Eliminates last minute trips to the store for the ingredient you forgot you didn't have on hand
- Saves money by not buying specialty ingredients or more than you need for one recipe, not to mention the gas and time spent driving to the store
- Makes eating local foods far easier
- Allows you to personalize a recipe to include what you and your family like most
- Lets you make your favorite recipes without ingredients that you've just learned cause you to have an allergic reaction
- Encourages creativity - use the brain or lose it!
I learned to cook when I was knee-high to a grasshopper. My mom encouraged the kids to get in the kitchen and learn how to make food. Yes, we made a mess, but we also were able to help put meals together and, more importantly, learned the skills we'd need to take care of ourselves once we left the sanctuary of our parents' home. Gender was no excuse either. My father cooked as often and just as good as my mother, and my brother's cooking skills are just as good as mine. They are quite possibly better, although we focus on different types of food so it's hard to compare.
When I was a teenager, I got obsessed with baking cakes from scratch. Then I became interested in whole wheat flour. Enter my first experiments in ingredient substitution. I don't know whether my family hated all my healthy cake attempts, trying to make a light product with the heavy whole wheat flour of those days, or loved it because of the readily available sweets on hand.
After reading
The Tightwad Gazette years ago, I started stretching foods to make meals cheaper. I used less meat and increased the amount of vegetables and starch to cut costs. This had an added benefit of making the meals healthier. My tuna salad had more vegetables than tuna once I broke out of the standard recipe of tuna, mayo, pickle relish, and onion. Soon I was adding minced or shredded carrots, celery, and green pepper to it, too. I stretched guacamole by adding a little mayo, salsa, and more vegetables (red onion, green pepper, and green onion).
One of the tastiest recipes I created using this idea was meatloaf. For some reason, I got obsessed with creating the perfect meatloaf recipe. I'm not sure why since I don't recall having meatloaf regularly while growing up and it wasn't something I had previously craved. However, I scoured recipes and started trying to make them better. My first substitution was ground turkey for the beef. Then I looked at ways to make it cheaper: more meatloaf with less meat. The starch that worked best for extending the meat was regular rolled oats mixed with water to about the same consistency and moisture level as the ground meat. I was on a roll and wanted to go further.
The next step was to add vegetables for flavor and moisture. This seemed to work best when the vegetables were in small pieces. To save on chopping work, I eventually learned to throw them in the food processor and grind them up to the consistency of the meat. I used carrots, celery, onions, green pepper, and parsley. On a whim, I tried adding powdered dry mushrooms and found that added a huge flavor kick. My final recipe used one pound of ground turkey for two large meatloafs, and it was well-received by all who tried it.
Once I adopted a vegan diet, I had to ramp up the learning curve on substituting ingredients. There are far more vegan cookbooks on the market now than there were when I started so back then, cooking vegan meant adapting non-vegan recipes. I've already written about substituting for
dairy,
eggs, and
meat so I won't repeat that information here.
I do want to share a recipe with you, however, that built upon the lessons I learned perfecting my meatloaf recipe years ago. I added a small amount of oats to this recipe and they turned out wonderfully. I have one last package of the vegan sausage in my freezer. I plan to try this again but add more oatmeal along with some ground carrots and celery.
Not-So-Meaty Balls1 package
Gimme Lean sausage*
1/3 cup quick rolled oats
Water
1/4 cup ketchup
1 small onion, finely chopped
1/2 cup toasted sourdough bread crumbs, ground fairly fine
2 tsp Italian seasoning
2 cloves garlic, pressed
Salt & pepper
Preheat the oven to 375 degrees.
Stir water into the oats until they are the consistency of ground meat.
Mix all of the ingredients together. If the mixture seems really dry, add a little bit of water.
Spray a baking sheet with oil.
Roll into small balls, about 1" in diameter, and place on the oiled sheet without any touching each other.

Bake at 375 for about 20 minutes until they are lightly browned and have firmed up.
*You can find this in a tube, just like real sausage products, in the cold case of natural food stores. This can also be made with the Gimme Lean Beef flavor.
Very tasty with spaghetti!If one of your dietary goals is to eat local foods, then you will almost certainly have to embrace substitution. At my CSA, members get produce that is often unfamiliar to them and they must learn how to use it to avoid waste. While there are recipes in each week's newsletter and the website has a large collection of recipes, many people have their own favorite recipes they've used for years. Learning to substitute new vegetables for standard favorites helps them enjoy the local produce without giving up their familiar flavors.
The
Cook's Thesaurus is a handy site for getting ideas for food substitutions. In fact, the web address is
foodsubs.com. The
vegetable section groups vegetables together by type, such as roots, cabbages, stalk vegetables, and tubers. No matter the category you choose on this encyclopedic site, foods listed will include possible substitutes.

While starting some radish and cabbage kimchee this morning, I made a couple of substitutions to use the CSA produce I already had and avoid a trip to the grocery store. I used black Spanish radishes in place of Chinese radish (daikon). I had no cabbage, but I did have the stems I'd cut from bok choy. That wasn't enough to fill in for the cabbage so I stretched a bit for the substitution and used mizuna. Mizuna is more frequently used as a hearty salad green and doesn't really have a cabbage-like flavor, but I think it will work. Kimchee, like chutney, is forgiving and allows the use of a variety of ingredients.
What are your favorite substitutions?